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The inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs of the 42 PMI processes.

Misc Study Notes:

1. The inputs and outputs are often artifacts of the project such as documents where the tools and techniques are often methods, like brainstorming.
2. The inputs to processes are often the outputs of previous processes.
3. Since the enterprise environmental factors and organizational process assets are generally different for each process, these are abbreviated and then detailed in each occurrence.
4. To help derive (vs. memorize) EFFs, answer the question, “What intangibles will influence this process?” Examples: culture, marketplace, and industry standards.
5. To help derive (vs. memorize) OPAs, answer the question, “What resources can assist this process?” Examples: templates, same documents from previous projects, and lessons learned database.
6. I’ve drafted writing templates for learning and self-testing the ITTOs.  It indicates the number of each items needed for each ITTO of all the 42 processes as a hint while learning and writing them.  They are arranged by knowledge area, since that is how most people learn them.  The PDF is available here.  a previous breakout by process flow is here.  A still older version is here.

Use the first table to practice writing in the ITTOs of any PMI process. Scroll down for the completed ITTO tables.

Process:
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output

Develop Project Charter
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project statement of work	Expert judgment	Project charter
Business case
Contract (if third party project)
EEF: government/industry standards, organizational infrastructure, marketplace conditions
OPA: Org’s standard processes, policies, definitions, templates, historical info and lessons learned

Identify Stakeholders
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project Charter	Stakeholder analysis	Stakeholder register
Procurement Documents	Expert judgment	Stakeholder management strategy
EEF: Company Culture, structure, government and industry standards
OPA: Stakeholder register templates, previous stakeholder registers, lessons learned

Develop Project Management Plan
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project charter	Expert judgment	Project management plan
Planning process outputs
EEF: Government/industry standards, org structure/infrastructure/culture, project management system
OPA: Standardized guidelines, proposal/performance eval criteria, PMP templates, closure templates, change control procedures, previous project docs like calendars, registers, and baselines.

Collect Requirements
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project charter	Interviews	Requirements documentation
Stakeholder register	Focus groups	Requirements management plan
	Facilitated workshops	Requirements traceability matrix
	Group creativity techniques: brainstorming, nominal group technique, Delphi technique, idea/mind mapping, affinity diagram.
	Group decision making techniques: unanimity, majority, plurality, dictatorship
	Questionnaires and surveys
	Observations
	Prototypes

Define Scope
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project charter	Expert judgment	Project scope statement
Requirements documentation	Product analysis	Project document updates
OPA: Scope statement policies, procedures and templates. Previous project files and lessons learned.	Alternatives identification
	Facilitated workshops

Create WBS
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project scope statement	Decomposition	WBS
Requirements documentation		WBS dictionary
OPA: WBS policies, procedures, and templates. Previous project files, lessons learned		Scope baseline
		Project document updates

Define Activities
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Scope baseline (WBS, WBS dictionary, and Project Scope Statement)	Decomposition	Activity list
EEF: PMIS (project management information system)	Rolling wave planning	Activity attributes
OPA: activity planning related policies, procedures, guidelines. e.g. the scheduling methodology.	Templates	Milestone list
	Expert judgment

Sequence Activities
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Activity list	Dependency determination	Project schedule network diagrams
Activity attributes	Precedence diagramming method (PDM)	Project document updates
Milestone list	Applying leads and lags
Project scope statement	Schedule network templates
OPA: e.g. scheduling methodology files, previous project network diagrams

Estimate Activity Resources
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Activity list	Expert judgment	Activity resource requirements
Activity attributes	Alternatives analysis	Resource breakdown structure
Resource calendars	Published estimating data	Project document updates
EEF: e.g. resource availability and skills	Bottom-up estimating
OPA: Policies and procedures for staffing, renting and purchasing, historical resource usage information	Project management software

Estimate Activity Durations
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Activity list	Expert judgment	Activity duration estimates
Activity attributes	Analogous estimating (top down)	Project document updates
Activity resource requirements	Parametric estimating (plotted forecasts)
Resource calendars	Three-point estimating (PERT)
Project scope statement	Reserve analysis
EEF: Reference data, e.g. duration estimating databases, productivity metrics, published commercial information
OPA: historical duration information, project calendars, scheduling methodology and lessons learned.

Develop Schedule
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Activity list	Schedule network analysis	Project schedule
Activity attributes	Critical path method	Schedule baseline
Project schedule network diagram	Critical chain method	Schedule data
Activity resource requirements	Resource leveling	Project document updates
Activity duration estimates	Scheduling tool
Resource calendars	What-if scenario analysis
Project scope statement	Applying leads and lags
EEF: e.g., a company’s scheduling tool	Schedule compression
OPA: Scheduling methodology and project calendar

Estimate Costs
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Scope baseline	Expert judgment	Activity cost estimates
Project schedule	Analogous estimating	Basis of estimates
Human resource plan	Parametric estimating	Project document updates
Risk register	Bottom-up estimating
EEF: Market conditions, published commercial information	Three-point estimates
OPA: cost estimating policies and templates, historical information and lessons learned	Reserve analysis
	Cost of quality
	Project management estimating software
	Vendor bid analysis

Determine Budget
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Activity cost estimates	Cost aggregation	Cost performance baseline
Basis of estimates	Reserve analysis	Project funding requirements
Scope baseline	Expert judgment	Project document updates
Project schedule	Historical relationships
Resource calendars	Funding limit reconciliation
Contracts
OPA: cost budgeting related policies, procedures, and guidelines. Cost budgeting tools, reporting methods

Plan Quality
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Scope baseline	Cost-benefit analysis	Quality management plan
Stakeholder register	Cost of quality	Quality metrics
Cost performance baseline	Control charts	Quality checklists
Schedule baseline	Benchmarking	Process improvement plan
Risk register	Design of experiments	Project document updates
EEF: Associated rules, standards, and guidelines. Government agency regulations. Product’s working / operating conditions.	Statistical sampling
OPA: Organizational quality policies, procedures, and guidelines, historical databases, lessons learned, quality policy (either an endorsed as-is policy or one created by the PM and communicated to stakeholders.)	Flowcharting
	Proprietary quality management methodologies (e.g. Six Sigma)
	Additional quality planning tools (Group decision techniques, matrices, ..)

Develop Human Resources Plan
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Activity resource requirements	Org charts and position descriptions	Human resources plan:  roles and responsibilities, org charts and staffing management plan: resource calendars, acquisition and release, recognition and rewards, safety, compliance and training.
EEF: Company culture, organization, HR, personnel policies, market	Networking
OPA: org chart templates, historical project org info, standard processes and roles descriptions	Organizational theory

Plan Communications
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Stakeholder register	Communication requirements analysis	Communications management plan
Stakeholder management strategy	Communication technology	Project document updates
EEF: All the other EEF are used here	Communication models: components are encoding, message/feedback, medium, noise, and decoding
OPA: Lessons learned and historical info from previous projects, as well as all other OPAs.	Communication methods: push, pull and interactive

Plan Risk Management
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project scope statement	Planning meetings and analysis	Risk management plan
Cost management plan
Schedule management plan
Communications management plan
EEF: risk attitudes and tolerances
OPA: stakeholder registers, risk categories, common definitions, templates

Identify Risks
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Risk management plan	Documentation reviews	Risk register
Activity cost estimates	Information gathering techniques
Activity duration estimates	Checklist analysis
Scope baseline	Assumptions analysis
Stakeholder register	Diagramming techniques
Cost management plan	SWOT analysis
Schedule management plan	Expert judgment
Quality management plan
Project documents
EEF: Risk attitudes, benchmarking, and published information: checklists, databases, studies.
OPA: Project files, process controls, risk statement templates, lessons learned.

Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Risk register	Risk probability and impact assessment	Risk resister updates: Risk category grouping Project risk ranking Watchlist Probability estimates of project objectives Trends of the above data during the project
Risk management plan	Probability and impact matrix
Project scope statement	Risk data quality assessment
OPA: similar project info and project studies, industry risk databases	Risk categorization
	Risk urgency assessment
	Expert Judgment

Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Risk register	Data gathering and representation techniques: interviewing, probability distributions	Risk resister updates: List of prioritized, quantified risks Contingency time and cost reserves Project estimates: Time and Date vs. Confidence Probability estimates of project objectives Trends of the above data during the project
Risk management plan	Quantitative risk analysis and modeling techniques: sensitivity analysis, EMV analysis/decision tree, modeling and simulation (e.g. monte carlo)
Cost management plan	Expert judgment
Schedule management plan
OPA: similar project info and project studies, industry risk databases

Plan Risk Responses
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Risk register	Strategies for negative risks or threats	Risk resister updates: Residual risks Secondary risks Contingency plans Risk response owners Fallback plans Risk triggers Contracts Reserves
Risk management plan	Strategies for positive risks or opportunities	Risk-related contract decisions
	Contingent response strategies	Project management plan updates
		Project document updates

Plan Procurements
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Scope baseline	Make-or-buy analysis	Procurement management plan
Requirements documentation	Expert judgment	Procurement statements of work
Teaming aggreements	Contract types	Make-or-buy decisions
Risk register		Procurement documents
Risk-related contract decisions		Source selection criteria
Activity resource requirements		Change requests
Project schedule
Activity cost estimates
Cost performance baseline
EEF: market, availability, suppliers, locale, industry T&Cs
OPA: purchasing policies, management systems, supplier system

Direct And Manage Project Execution
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Expert judgment	Deliverables
Approved change requests	Project management information system	Work performance information
EEF: Infrastructure, personnel rules, stakeholder risk tolerances, project management information systems		Change requests
OPA: Standardized work guidelines, communication requirements, defect management procedures, project files from previous projects		Project management plan updates
		Project document updates

Perform Quality Assurance
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Plan Quality and Perform Quality Control tools and techniques	OPA updates
Quality metrics	Quality audits	Change requests
Work performance information	Process analysis	Project management plan updates
Quality control measurements		Project document updates

Acquire Project Team
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Pre-assignment	Project staff assignments
EEF: Org’s skill levels and structure, personnel policies, locale,	Negotiation	Resource calendars
OPA: Org’s standard policies, processes, and procedures	Acquisition	Project management plan updates
	Virtual teams

Develop Project Team
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project staff assignments	Interpersonal skills	Team performance assessments
Project management plan	Training	EEF updates
Resource calendars	Team-building activities
	Ground rules
	Co-location
	Recognition and rewards

Manage Project Team
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project staff assignments	Observations and conversation	EEF updates
Project management plan	Project performance appraisals	OPA updates
Team performance assessments	Conflict management	Change requests
Performance reports	Issue log	Project management plan updates
OPA: bonus structures, certificates of appreciation, newsletters, perks	Interpersonal skills

Distribute Information
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Communication methods: mostly push method, like email, memos, etc, but include meetings, teleconferences, online chat, etc.	OPA updates
Performance reports	Information distribution tools
OPA: information distribution guidelines and policies, lessons learned and historical project information

Manage Stakeholder Expectations
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Stakeholder register	Communication methods	OPA updates
Stakeholder management strategy	Interpersonal skills	Change requests
Project management plan	Management skills	Project management plan updates
Issue log		Project document updates
Change log
OPA: org communication requirements, change control and issue management procedures

Conduct Procurements
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Bidder conferences	Selected sellers
Procurement documents	Proposal evaluation techniques	Procurement contract awards
Source selection criteria	Independent estimates	Resource calendars
Qualified seller list	Expert judgment	Change requests
Seller proposals	Advertising	Project management plan updates
Project documents	Internet search	Project document updates
Make-or-buy decisions	Procurement negotiations
Teaming aggreements
OPA: prospective/qualified seller lists, historical seller information

Monitor and Control Project Work
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Expert judgment	Change requests
Performance reports		Project management plan updates
EEF: Industry/Gov standards, stakeholder risk tolerances, project management information systems		Project document updates
OPA: org communications requirements, financial controls procedures, defect management procedures, risk control/categories/matrices

Perform Integrated Change Control
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Expert judgment	Change request status updates (approved change requests and denied change requests)
Work performance information	Change control meetings	Project management plan updates
Change requests		Project document updates
EEF: project management information system such as a scheduling tool
OPA: change control procedures, process measurement database, project files like baselines, configuration management databases

Verify Scope
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Inspection	Accepted deliverables
Requirements documentation		Change requests
Requirements traceability matrix		Project document updates
Validated deliverables

Control Scope
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Variance analysis	Work performance measurements
Work performance information		OPA updates
Requirements documentation		Change requests
Requirements traceability matrix		Project management plan updates
OPA: scope related policies, guidelines, procedures. Monitoring and reporting methods to be used.		Project document updates

Control Schedule
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Performance reviews	Work performance measurements
Project schedule	Variance analysis	OPA updates
Work performance information	Project management software	Change requests
OPA: Schedule control tools, related policies, guidelines, procedures. Monitoring and reporting methods to be used.	Resource leveling	Project management plan updates
	What-if scenario analysis	Project document updates
	Adjusting leads and lags
	Schedule compression
	Scheduling tool

Control Costs
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Earned value management	Work performance measurements
Project funding requirements	Forecasting	Budget forecasts
Work performance information	To-Complete Performance Index (TCPI)	Organization process assets updates
OPA: cost control-related policies procedures and guidelines. Cost control tools and monitoring / reporting methods to be used.	Performance reviews	Change requests
	Variance analysis	Project management plan updates
	Project management software	Project document updates

Perform Quality Control
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Cause and effect diagrams	Quality control measurements
Quality metrics	Control charts	Validated changes
Quality checklists	Flowcharting	Validated deliverables
Work performance measurements	Histogram	OPA updates
Approved change requests	Pareto chart	Change requests
Deliverables	Run chart	Project management plan updates
OPA: quality standards and policies, standard work guidelines, and issue / defect reporting procedures	Scatter diagram	Project document updates
	Statistical sampling
	Inspection
	Approved change requests review

Report Performance
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Variance analysis	Performance reports
Work performance information	Forecasting methods	OPA updates
Work performance measurements	Communication methods	Change requests
Budget forecasts	Reporting systems
OPA: report templates, measurement indicator definitions, organization’s variance limits

Monitor And Control Risks
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Risk register	Risk reassessment	Risk register updates
Project management plan	Risk audits	OPA updates: technical documentation and assumptions
Work performance information	Variance and trend analysis	Change requests
Performance reports	Technical performance measurement	Project management plan updates
	Reserve analysis	Project document updates
	Status meetings

Administer Procurements
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Procurement documents	Contract change control system	Procurement documentation
Project management plan	Procurement performance reviews	OPA updates
Contract	Inspections and audits	Change requests
Performance reports	Performance reporting	Project management plan updates
Approved change requests	Payment systems
Work performance information	Claims administration
	Records management system

Close Procurements
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Procurement audits	Closed procurements
Procurement documentation	Negotiated settlements	OPA Updates
	Records management system

Close Phase Or Project
Input	Tools & Techniques	Output
Project management plan	Expert judgment	Final product, service, or result transition
Accepted deliverables		OPA updates
OPA: closure guidelines, audits, evaluations and other project docs