| Acronym |
Name or Formula |
Interpretation |
| EV |
Earned Value |
The estimated value of the work completed.
The completed portion of the originally estimated, total value. |
| PV |
Planned Value |
The value of the work planned to be be done by now |
| AC |
Actual Cost |
The current amount spent.
The total cost so far for the work completed. |
| BAC |
Budget At Completion |
The total project budget
How much did we originally expect the total project to cost?
BAC = PV of entire project |
| CV |
Cost Variance
EV – AC |
Value of work accomplished – cost incurred |
| SV |
Schedule Variance
EV – PV |
The value of work completed – The value of work planned to be completed.
Work completed – Expected work completed
Negative is behind schedule. Positive is ahead of schedule. |
| CPI |
Cost Performance Index
EV / AC |
We are getting X value out of each $ spent.
Also as: “Cumulative CPI” when figures used are costs to date. |
| SPI |
Schedule Performance Index
EV / PV |
We are progressing at X rate originally planned.
We are getting X value per original planned value. |
| EAC |
Estimate At CompletionAC + Bottom-up ETC
BAC / CPI
AC + (BAC – EV)
AC + [ (BAC – EV) / ( CPI * SPI) ] |
What we currently expect the total cost to be.Current cost + Bottom up (redone) estimate of remaining cost. Used when original estimate was flawed.
Currently, the total cost estimate per (cumulative) performance.
Used when there is no variance from BAC. Most common on exam.
Current cost + Remaining work TBD.
What you’ve spent + What you need to spend.
Used when current variance is expected to change.
Current cost plus remaining budget per performance.
Used when variance is typical, CPI is poor, and completion date priority is high |
| TCPI |
To Complete Performance Index
(BAC – EV) / (BAC – AC) |
The remaining work TBD per the remaining money.
In order to stay on budget, what remaining performance is needed? |
| ETC |
Estimate To Complete
EAC – AC
Reestimate |
How much more will the project cost?
Updated total cost – current cost
Reestimating the work from the bottom up. |
| VAC |
Variance At Completion
BAC – EAC |
How much over/under budget will we be? |
| AWCS |
Actual Cost of Work Scheduled |
Not a real term!
Oxymoron
May be an incorrect test question choice. |
| EAD |
Expected Activity Duration( P + 4M + O ) / 6 |
The most likely estimated is weighed 4 times the pessimistic or optimistic.This and all formulas below can be used for activity time and cost |
| AV |
Activity Variance[ ( P – O ) / 6 ] ^2 |
A quantifiable deviation from an expected baseline or estimate. Also equal to standard deviation squared. |
| SD |
Standard Deviation( P – O ) / 6 |
The square root of the variance. Used to calculate the activity range. EAD +/- SD |
| Activity Range |
EAD +/- SD |
The estimated scope from EAD – Standard Deviation to EAD + Standard Deviation. |
| Project Expected Duration |
EAD + EAD + EAD |
The sum of the EAD’s / PERT estimates |
| Project SD |
Standard deviation of the projectsqrt[AV + AV + AV …] |
Each of the activity variances (AV) on the critical path are calculated individually. The square root of their sum is the project standard deviation. It is used to calculate the project range. |
| Project Range |
The project expected duration +/- Project SD |
The sum of the project EADs +/- the project standard deviation. |
| EMV |
Expected Monetary ValueEMV = P * I |
EMV = Probability times Impact |
| Communication Channels |
[ n (n-1) ] / 2 |
The number of channels between people. n is the number of people |
| PTA |
[(CP – TP) / BSR] + TC |
Point of total assumption.
The amount at which seller pays all additional costs. Used in FPIF contracts.
The margin between the maximum and target prices is divided by the buyer’s portion of the sharing ratio and added to the target cost |
| Final Fee |
FF = (TC – AC) x SSR + TF |
Sellers fee/profit is adjusted for cost performance.
The target fee is adjusted by adding: target cost – actual cost times the sellers portion of the sharing ratio |
| Final Price |
FP = AC + FF (or CP, whichever is lower) |
Final price equals actual cost plus final fee (or ceiling price) |
| Buy or Lease |
Purchase Cost + Owning Cost * Time = Leasing Cost * Time |
So if something costs $1,000 to buy and $10 / day to maintain but costs $50 / day to rent, how many days does it take to break even? 1,000 + 10 * t = 50 * t The break even point is 25 days. |
| Float |
Float = LF – EF or LS – ES |
Late Finish – Early Finish or Late Start – Early Start |
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Hi Mark,
Small Typo in the formulae listed..
Float Float = LF – LS or LS – ES Late Finish – Early Finish or Late Start – Early Start
I guess it should be Float Float = LF – EF or LS – ES Late Finish – Early Finish or Late Start – Early Start. (i.e, Late Finish – Early Finish).
Thanks for sharing all formulae at one place. I keep coming back to this page just to make sure I got my formula right (during my practice test).
Regards,
Murali
Hi Murali,
You are exactly right. Good catch. I’ve made the update (changing LS to EF) in the abbreviation column.
Thanks for the heads-up!
Best,
Mark
For the Project SD (Standard deviation of the project), shouldn’t the AVs be squared?
sqrt[AV^2 + AV^2 + AV^2 …]
Your definition of SD says, “The square root of the variance.” According to your formulas, it’s the other way around; SD is the square of the variance.
It’s important to sticklers for math to realize that the PMI formula for SD is a quick approximation. Using data for an exercise for the course I’m taking, the PMI formula consistently overestimated the SD by 30% to 40%, compared to the formula used in statistics.
I’ve been very frustrated with the number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies in the PMBOK. Could it be that they’re intentionally conditioning people to put up with less-than-Six Sigma quality?
Nice Job! Thanks!
Thanks Dave!
Hi Richard, Sorry for the delay. I missed your post notification.
It looks like formulas above are accurate. The Activity Variances are already squares (they are squares of the standard deviations) in your first example regarding Project Standard Deviation. So you do not square them again. You would be correct if it was written as: Project SD = sqrt[SD^2 + SD^2 + …] But this is the same as written above: Project SD = sqrt[AV + AV + …]
Similarly, Activity Variance is in fact the square of Standard Deviation and Standard Deviation is the square root of Activity Variance:
AV = SD^2
SD = ( P – O ) / 6
AV = [ ( P – O ) / 6 ] ^2
SD = sqrt[AV]
I don’t think the calculations should ever be off by the 30% – 40% you reference, if the underlying estimates are assumed to be accurate. If I provide 2 PMPs hundreds of work and cost estimates from my project team members, they should return me exactly the same standard deviation results. While my team members may have estimated inaccurately, it is precisely the value of standard deviation and activity variance to mitigate that error and increase the accuracy of planning.
Best,
Mark
Mark, I have a problem getting from the statistical definition of SD,
s = SQRT( [(O-EAD)^2 + 4(M-EAD)^2 + (P-EAD)^2]/6 )
to
SD = ( P – O ) / 6
One simplification, EAD=M, got me close, but no cigar. My formula is higher than PMI’s by a factor of SQRT(3). I’ll post or send you my derivation if you like. Maybe you can spot my error(s).
Thank you so much for this listing, I was going to take the PMP but I don’t have enough hours… so I will take the CAPM. I hope this will help me
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In BAC formula where you are normalizing the remaining duration by CPI as well as SPI you are using CPI + SPI in the denominator. This should be CPI * SPI. Adding the two indices will give you a value of greater than one when in fact one or both are less than one
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Hi Tariq. You’re right and that is not a typo on my part. I’ve had that there since my studies, the reason being my prep guide: PMP Exam Prep 6th Edition, by Rita Mulcahy, lists the performance indexes as a sum on page 242, the only reference to it in the book that I’ve found.
I’ll update the post. Thanks!
I appreciate this it will help with my CAPM studies
The formula for lease or buy was stumping me but what appears to work is to subtract the daily maintenance cost from the daily lease cost and divide the purchase price by the result gives you the amount of break even days.
Hey Mark, missing
NPV = (for i:1 to years do CF(i)/(1+d)^i done) – initial investment
Payback = numbers of years to have the payments of the initial investment (nominal : without anual discount rate or present , with NPV casf flows)
ROI = anual profit / investment
IRR, Internal Rate of Return = rate (d) to obtain NPV = 0 for a determined number of year. Find it by estimations.
Thanks for your work !
enything here